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White Deer Land Museum 116 S. Cuyler Pampa, TX 79065 |
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German Family Reunion/Cheyenne Peace Ceremonial Real Audio by Eloise Lane
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Almost ten years before the massacre of the German family, 112 Cheyenne families were massacred by Colorado Militia led by Colonel John M. Chivington. This massacre occurred at Sand Creek in Kiowa County, Colorado, on November 29, 1864. Black Kettle and his Cheyennes were attempting to live and camp according to instructions of the commander of Fort Lyon and believed themselves to be under the guardianship of the U.S. government. An American flag was flying over the Cheyenne camp, and Black Kettle ran up a white flag when the early dawn attack began. Buffalo Calf Woman, who was 23 years old at the time of the Sand Creek Massacre, saw her entire family cut to pieces with long, slender knives. Some were scalped while still alive, and children were shot at close range. Many of the victims were women, children and elderly people who tried to hide in the sand. Four years later, on November 27, 1868, Buffalo Calf Woman experienced another merciless slaughter of her people. Again at early dawn, the Seventh Cavalry led by General George Armstrong Custer charged Black Kettle's peaceful village on the Washita River in Indian Territory. Killed in the "Battle of the Washita" was Major Joel H. Elliott for whom Fort Elliott was named on February 21, 1876. The area claimed by the Cheyennes for hunting and foraging included present Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming and the Black Hills of South Dakota. Near the Bunch of Trees River (Smoky Hill River) in Kansas, the Cheyenne people followed their leader, Medicine Water, husband of Calf Woman. In 1874, Medicine Water was made head of the Cheyenne Bow String Warrior Society. He was well known to the U.S. Cavalry and buffalo hide hunters for he constantly engaged them in battle in his efforts to preserve the traditions and lifestyles of his people and to resist any intrusion into his homeland. At his side rode his wife, Calf Woman, a Cheyenne Warrior-woman in her own right. On June 27, 1874, after Medicine Water smoked the war pipe with Quanah Parker's Comanches and with the Kiowas, he led the Cheyenne revenge at the Old Adobe Walls trading post. |
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At the time of the Sand Creek Massacre, John German of Fannin County, Georgia, was serving as a Confederate soldier in the Civil War. When he returned to his home in 1865, he
found it in shambles. Only his wife, children and some livestock had escaped a guerilla raid. After a friend wrote of opportunities in Colorado, German decided to take his family west. About five years were spent in
preparation before the family left Georgia on April 10, 1870. Travel in the homemade covered wagon was slow for they often stopped to work to earn money before they could continue their journey. At one time they took
a homestead in Missouri, but the climate was not favorable for German and Catherine, one of the daughters. German traded the homestead for another yoke of oxen and a covered wagon and the family again headed west.
When they reached Kansas, German intended to travel northwest until they reached the Union Pacific Railroad. At Ellis, Kansas, he was told that the station agents would not sell even a cup of water. He then decided to
follow the Butterfield Trail, the old stagecoach route that lay alongside the Smoky Hill River. When he asked about the dangers of the route, he was told that there was little danger as there had been no deeds of
violence for several years. The few Indians they had met had seemed friendly and they were unaware of the warfare between the Cheyennes and the whites. On September 10, 1874, the German family met two men who said
that they were only a day's journey from Fort Wallace, Kansas. Happy at the thought that they would soon be with white people again, they camped together for the last time. Early the next morning, as German and his
family were leaving the campsite, they were attacked by 15 Cheyenne braves and two squaws. The Cheyennes were led by Medicine Water and Calf Woman who killed John German with her hatchet. The mother, Liddia (Cox)
German, Rebecca Jane (20), Stephen (19) and Joanna (15) were killed and the five victims were scalped. The survivors were Catherine (17), Sophia (12), Julia (7) and Adelaide (5). (The story of the German family is
told in Girl Captives of the Cheyennes, written in 1927 by Grace E. Meredith, a niece of Catherine.) About three weeks after the massacre, the five scalped bodies were found and buried by a detachment of soldiers from
Fort Wallace. Near the burned wagon the soldiers found the unscorched German family Bible containing the names and ages of the nine members of John German's family. Since only five bodies were at the site, the soldiers
concluded that the remaining four girls were captives, and an intensive search for the Indians was begun. |
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The Indians, who knew that they were being persued, headed south into Indian Territory. They traveled only by night, spoke in whispers at all times and took little time to eat
during the daylight hours. Thinking that they could more easily escape the soldiers, they broke into small bands. After about two weeks, Julia and Adelaide, who were with Grey Beard's band, were abandoned on the
prairie and left to fare for themselves. They wandered until they found a wagon trail which they followed to a creek where soldiers had camped. They found some old hard-tack, corn and meat scraps. With these leavings,
wild grapes, hackberries and young blades of grass, Julia and Adelaide kept alive. Meanwhile, the Indians with Catherine and Sophia arrived at the main camp of Stone Calf, a Cheyenne chief who opposed Indian raids on
white people. This camp was composed of about 300 lodges on the Staked Plains, probably somewhere in northeastern New Mexico. Catherine and Sophia were separated and forced to do the work of Indian women. They gathered
firewood, sewed shirts and dresses with bone needles and thread of buffalo sinew, and cooked food. Word reached Stone Calf that the U.S. Military was demanding the return of the four girls. At once he gave orders to
find the two younger girls left on the prairie. On November 7, 1874, a party of about 200 Cheyennes located Julia and Adelaide in the makeshift camp by the creek. (This was on the T.D. Hobart ranch on the Washita in
Hemphill County.) Julia and Adelaide were taken to Grey Beard's camp on McClellan Creek, the site which has been located and researched by Gray County Commissioner Gerald Wright and Stan and Margie Anthony of Groom.
Early the next morning, November 8, 1874, Grey Beard's camp was charged in a surprise attack by Lt. Frank D. Baldwin. Catherine and Sophia, who were at the camp, were hastily sent off with an advance guard while Julia
and Adelaide were left behind. Half-starved and dressed in rags, they were under some buffalo robes when the soldiers found them. They were taken to Camp Supply and then to Fort - Leavenworth, Kansas. Catherine and
Sophia were released from the Indians at the Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, on March 2, 1875. They were united with Julia and Adelaide and placed under the guardianship of Colonel (later General) Nelson A.
Miles. When Miles received another assignment, the girls lived for a time with the Patrick Corney family in Seneca County, Kansas. The U.S. government appropriated money for the education and maintenance of the girls.
Their grandfathers, Thomas German and William Cox, wanted them to return to Georgia, but Catherine decided that their opportunities for the future would be greater if they remained in Kansas. The girls were asked
to identify the Indians who had mistreated them. On April 25, 1875, Medicine Water, Calf Woman and 31 others were transported as prisoners of war, without benefit of trial or legal defense. During the six weeks travel
to Fort Marion, Florida, Medicine Water and Calf Woman were in chains and shackles. They were returned to Fort Leavenworth in 1878. Calf Woman died in 1882, and Medicine Water, who became a freighter for the
government, died in 1925 at the age of 90. |
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Catherine married Amos Swerdfeger and lived in California where she died in 1932. Sophia married Albert Feldman and spent most of her remaining life on a farm south of Humboldt,
Nebraska, where she died about 1949. Julia married first Howard Reese, and then Albert Brooks. She lived in California where she died in 1959 at the age of 92 years. Adelaide married Frank Andrews, a farmer near Bern,
Kansas. She became the mother of 11 children. Her daughter, Ruth Bieri (age 89) and her son, Clarence Andrews (age 85) attended the reunion on September 9, 1990. In 1925, T.D. Hobart, who was very interested in
historical research, corresponded with Julia and Adelaide. They wrote that they could remember very little of their experience except their hunger and the cold, the wolves (coyotes) and the great kindness of the
soldiers who rescued them. Julia remembered that Adelaide had once eaten a whole cracker which she was supposed to have divided with Julia. While on their way to visit Catherine in 1928, Sophia and Adelaide stopped at
Pampa to see T.D. Hobart. A number of area historians and judges accompanied Hobart and the sisters to the site which was believed to be the location of the Indian camp where Adelaide had been rescued. On
November 12, 1936, as part of the Texas Centennial, historical markers were placed at this site and at the city park in Lefors. As part of the Gray County 50th Anniversary celebration in 1952, Julia, the only sister
still living, visited Pampa and was taken to the supposed site of her rescue. This past April (1990), the White Deer Land Museum in Pampa received a request from Arlen | |||||||||||
